Tranzacționarea mărfurilor ca afacere

History[ edit ] Commodity-based money and commodity markets in a crude early form are believed to have originated in Sumer between BC and BC.

Sumerians first used clay tokens sealed in a clay vessel, then clay writing tablets to represent the amount—for example, the number of goats, to be delivered.

Early civilizations variously used pigs, rare seashells, or other items as commodity money. Since that time traders have sought ways to simplify and standardize trade contracts. At first, the precious metals were valued for their beauty and intrinsic worth and were associated with royalty. Gold's scarcity, its unique density and the way it could be easily melted, shaped, and measured made it a natural trading asset.

Between the late 11th and the late 13th century, English urbanization, regional specialization, expanded and improved infrastructure, the increased use of coinage and the proliferation of markets and fairs were evidence of commercialization. Early trading on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange often involved the use of very sophisticated contracts, including short sales, forward contracts, and options.

Commodity exchanges themselves were a relatively recent invention, existing in only a handful of cities.

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Other food commodities were added to the Commodity Exchange Act and traded through CBOT in the s and s, expanding the list from grains to include rice, mill feeds, butter, eggs, Irish potatoes and soybeans. Bythe Bureau of Labor Statistics issued a Spot Market Price Index that measured the price movements of "22 sensitive basic commodities whose markets are presumed to be among the first to be influenced by changes in economic conditions.

As such, it serves as one early indication of impending changes in business activity. In tranzacționarea mărfurilor ca afacere about every case the index is in fact a Commodity Futures Index.

The first such index was the Dow Jones Commodity Index, which began in It differed from the GSCI primarily in the weights allocated to each commodity. The DJ AIG had mechanisms to periodically limit the weight of any one commodity and to remove commodities whose weights became too small. Cash commodity[ edit ] Cash commodities or "actuals" refer to the physical goods—e.

The seller or "writer" is obligated to sell the commodity or financial instrument should the buyer so decide. The buyer pays a fee called a premium for this right. The U. Securities and Exchange Commission ordered U. Metrificationconversion from the imperial system of measurement to the metricalincreased throughout the 20th century.

Bythe alternative trading system ATS of electronic trading featured computers buying and selling without human dealer intermediation. High-frequency trading HFT algorithmic trading, had almost phased out "dinosaur floor-traders".

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The size and diversity of commodity markets expanded internationally, [29] and pension funds and sovereign wealth funds started allocating more capital to commodities, in order to diversify into an asset class with less exposure to currency depreciation. From throughenergy and metals' real prices remained well above their long-term averages. Inreal food prices were their highest since Major banks such as Goldman Sachs began immediately to short gold bullion.

Investors scrambled to liquidate their exchange-traded funds ETFs [notes 3] and margin call selling accelerated. George Gero, precious metals commodities expert at the Royal Bank of Canada RBC Wealth Management section reported that he had not seen selling of gold bullion as panicked as this in his forty years in commodity markets.

He argued that "We live in a dynamic, fast-developing world. It is so global and so complex that we sometimes cannot keep up with the changes".

Analysts have claimed that Russia's economy is overly dependent on commodities. Physical trading normally involves a visual inspection and is carried out in physical markets such as a farmers market.

Derivatives marketson the other hand, require the existence of agreed standards so that trades can be made without visual inspection.

Non-screened, stored in silo ". Note the distinction between states, and the need to clearly mention their status as GMO genetically modified organism which makes them unacceptable to most organic food buyers.

Commodity market

Similar specifications apply for cotton, orange juice, cocoa, sugar, wheat, corn, barley, pork belliesmilk, feed stuffs, fruits, vegetables, other grains, other beans, hay, other livestock, meats, poultry, eggs, or any other commodity which is so traded. Standardization has also occurred technologically, as the use of the FIX Protocol by commodities exchanges has allowed trade messages to be sent, received and processed in the same format as stocks or equities.

This process began in when the Chicago Mercantile Exchange launched a FIX-compliant interface that was tranzacționarea mărfurilor ca afacere by commodity exchanges around the world. They can be traded through formal exchanges or through Over-the-counter OTC. Commodity market derivatives unlike credit default derivatives, for example, are secured by the physical assets or commodities.

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The fixed price is also called forward price. Such forward contracts began as a way of reducing pricing risk in food and agricultural product markets. By agreeing in advance on a price for a future delivery, farmers were able protect their output against a possible fall of market prices and in contrast buyers were able to protect themselves against's a possible rise of market prices. Forward contracts, for example, were used for rice in seventeenth century Japan.

Futures contract[ edit tranzacționarea mărfurilor ca afacere Futures contracts are standardized forward contracts that are transacted through an exchange. In futures contracts the buyer and the seller stipulate product, grade, quantity and location and leaving price as the only variable. Swaps[ edit ] A swap is a derivative in which counterparties exchange the cash flows of one party's financial instrument for those of the other party's financial instrument.

They were introduced in the s.